One simple vitamin（[生化] 维生素） can reduce your risk（风险） of heart disease. Eating chocolate reduces stress in students. New drug prolongs（延长） lives of patients with rare（稀薄的） disease. Health headlines（大字标题） like these are published every day, sometimes making opposite plans for each other. There can be a disconnect（断开） between broad（宽的） attention-grabbing（攫取） headlines（大字标题） and the often specific, incremental results of the medical research they cover. So how can you avoid being misled（使误入岐途） by grabby headlines（大字标题）?

  The best way to assess（评定） a headline（大字标题）'s credibility（可信性） is to look at the original research it reports on. We've come up with a hypothetical（假设的） research scenario（方案） for each of these three headlines（大字标题）. Keep watching for the explanation of the first example, then pause（暂停） at the headline（大字标题） to answer the question. These are simplified scenarios. A real study would detail（详述） many more factors and how to count it for them. But for the purposes of this exercise, assume（假定） all the information you need is included.

  Let's start by considering the cardiovascular effects of a certain vitamin, healthium. The study finds（找到） that participants（参与者） taking healthium at a higher level of healthy cholesterol than those taking a placebo. Their levels became similar to those of people with naturally（自然地） high levels of this kind of cholesterol. Previous（先的） research has shown that people with naturally（自然地） high levels of healthy cholesterol have lower rates of heart disease. So what makes this headline misleading（ 令人误解的）? Healthium reduces risk of heart disease.

  The problem with this headline is that the research didn't actually investigate（调查） whether（ 是否） healthium reduces heart disease. It only measured（量） healthium's impact（影响） on levels of a particular kind of cholesterol.